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====== Internal combustion engines ======
Internal combustion engines currently are an elementary part of the individual mobility.
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In the future, this drive concept will remain a sustainer of vehicle movement.
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Ingenieurbüro TWB has a longtime experience
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in the field of thermodynamic and flow simulations of internal combustion engines.
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Our modular development process enables fundamental insight to incylinder processes. 
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The individual parts can be utilised independently.
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Flow simulation (CFD - Computatinal Fluid Dynamics) within the process are based on [[http://www.openfoam.com | OpenFOAM®]]

{{wiki:kacheln.png?300&nolink|Methodik}}
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===== Adaptive Meshing =====

Mesh motion is done with an adaptive parallel algorithm.
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A time consuming meshing process can be avoided.
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Espacially the simulation of parameter and geometry variations can be realised advantageous.
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{{wiki:egr_online.gif?&nolink|Residual gas distribution}}
{{wiki:lambda_online.gif?&nolink|Injection simulation}}
===== Flow Analysis =====

Precise flow analysis enables to predict burn characteristics
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even before a combustion simulation itself. 

{{wiki:image_flow.png?900&nolink|3D-Strömungssimulation}}
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===== Direct injection =====
The adaption of direct injection for the combustion system includes numerous parameters.
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CFD simulations are conducted to analyse injector position, injection timing
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and strategy for the split of the fuel mass into several injections.

{{wiki:image_injection.png?900&nolink| Injection simulation}}

===== Combustion =====
The simulation of the combustion delivers deep insights into the interaction of charge motion,
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mixture formation and ignition. An optimal combination of these parameters enables for the development of efficient engines.

{{wiki:image_combustion.png?900&nolink|Flame front}}

===== Abnormal Combustion =====

Cyclic combustion anomalis like engine knock for example
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restrict the theoretically possible efficiency of modern engines.
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TWB simulates these limits of combustion systems by means of reaction kinetics.
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The phenomenon known as mega-knock, super-knock or LSPI (Low Speed Pre-Ignition),
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can lead to immediate mechanical damage of engine components.
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TWB here combines experience of CFD and reaction kinetics simulations
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with a stochastic approach for spatial forecasting the probability of mega-knock. 

{{wiki:image_knock.png?700&nolink|Comparison of knock appoaches (left) and CFD simulation of mega-knock (right)}}


===== Emissions =====

The combined use of flow simulation and reaction kinetics
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enables also for the prediction of emissions.